“An American President is not a king—not even an ‘elected’ one”

– United Stated District Judge Beryl A. Howell [1]

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There Are No Kings in America

In the case about whether President Trump could unilaterally fire the Chairman of the National Labor Relations Board, U.S. District Judge Beryl Howell 35-page memorandum opinion gave the litigants and the public at large some reminders about our constitutional framework, primarily that:

“An American President is not a king—not even an ‘elected’ one”

In her opinion, Judge Howell detailed what was intended by our three branches of American government:

“To start, the Framers made clear that no one in our system of government was meant to be king—the President included—and not just in name only. See U.S. CONST. art. I, § 9, cl. 8 (“No Title of Nobility shall be granted by the United States.”) [2][3]
“Indeed, the very structure of the Constitution was designed to ensure no one branch of government had absolute power, despite the perceived inefficiencies, inevitable delays, and seemingly anti-democratic consequences that may flow from the checks and balances foundational to our constitutional system of governance.” [4]

Judge Howell also recalled that, 150 years after the Declaration,

“Justice Louis Brandeis eloquently opined [that] “[c]hecks and balances were established in order that this should be ‘a government of laws and not of men,’” observing further that the separation of powers was not adopted “to promote efficiency but to preclude the exercise of arbitrary power. The purpose was, not to avoid friction, but, by means of the inevitable friction incident to the distribution of the governmental powers among three departments, to save the people from autocracy.” [5][6]

And Howell cautioned the new administration leadership:

“A President who touts an image of himself as a “king” or a “dictator,” perhaps as his vision of effective leadership, fundamentally misapprehends the role under Article II of the U.S. Constitution.” [7]

Months before Judge Howell provided her official thoughts, columnist Jamelle Bouie described it more succinctly in an interview on All In with Chris Hayes:

“Any reading of any clause in the Constitution that essentially gives the President the prerogative of a king, that reading is wrong. It just is.” [8]

There are no kings in America.

Taxation Without Representation

It seems like, nearly 250 years into our self-governance journey, we are in need of constant reminders of our history and what America really stands for. Here’s what the revolutionaries of the time declared as the reasons for breaking ties with England: [9]

The history of the present King of Great Britain is a history of repeated injuries and usurpations, all having in direct object the establishment of an absolute Tyranny over these States. To prove this, let Facts be submitted to a candid world.
....
For cutting off our Trade with all parts of the world:
For imposing Taxes on us without our Consent:
....

After President Trump declared April 3 “Liberation Day” and announced his tariffs, or better described as Trump taxes, the global markets reeled for two straight days. The major U.S. stock market indexes fell between 9-12% over two days, erasing “a combined $6.6 trillion in value,” [10] which represented “the largest two-day wipeout of shareholder value on record.” [11]

If you have any investments in mutual funds, IRAs, or 401(k) plans, part of that value wipeout is likely yours, all as a result of unilaterally imposing taxes on us. Bloomberg reporter David Rovella characterized the market fallout from the Trump taxes in this headline: [12]

After ‘Liberation Day’ Comes ‘Obliteration Day’

So, it seems that President Trump wants to play the part of King George III by unilaterally imposing taxes that are cutting off trade with other parts of the world.

Here’s just one headline to show how trade is being cut off: Nintendo delays Switch 2 pre-orders in response to Trump tariffs [13]

Another headline: Jaguar Land Rover pauses US car exports amid Trump’s trade war [14]

Trump is apparently imposing these taxes by declaring a “national emergency” under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act of 1977 (IEEPA) “to address the national emergency posed by the large and persistent trade deficit that is driven by the absence of reciprocity in our trade relationships and other harmful policies like currency manipulation and exorbitant value-added taxes (VAT) perpetuated by other countries.” [15][16]

The emergency authority was granted to the President by Congress through the IEEPA, but must be renewed each year and can only stay in place unless Congress votes to terminate the national emergency. In fact, with respect to Canada, the United States Senate voted 51-48 to undo the Canadian tariffs and that “the national emergency declared on February 1, 2025, by the President in Executive Order 14193 (90 Fed. Reg. 9113) is terminated.” [17]

This likely won’t go anywhere in the U.S. House, because the Republican House leadership saw something like this coming. Back in March, GOP-led House Rules Committee voted to redefine the rest of the year as one “calendar day” so that a vote to undo the national emergency could not be triggered. As Roll Call reports: [18]

Amid debate over the rule that set up a floor vote on the continuing resolution to keep the government open through Sept. 30, the chamber’s “traffic cop” committee slipped in a provision which stipulates that for the remainder of the first session of the 119th Congress, there would be no more calendar days — at least as far as President Donald Trump’s emergency tariffs are concerned.
The language included in the rule for the CR paused “calendar days” under a national emergencies law, effectively curbing House Democrats’ ability to force a vote on whether to terminate three national emergencies Trump declared on Feb. 1, 2025, to launch a maelstrom of tariffs directed at Canada, Mexico and China.
The 1976 law establishing the ability of presidents to declare a national emergency, conferring on them unusually flexible authorities, provides a fail-safe mechanism for Congress to ensure the president doesn’t, in lawmakers’ eyes, go too far.
The National Emergencies Act requires committees to report a bill to terminate a national emergency within 15 calendar days after its introduction and referral, and a floor vote on passage must occur three days later. But, if the calendar day never turns over, emergency termination measures can be left to die in committees unless brought to the floor under a special rule or discharge petition.

This tactic has been used before, preventing, for example, single House members from introducing resolutions to cancel the real national emergency related to the COVID pandemic. [19] However, with respect to Trump’s tariffs, the Republican leadership in the House want these tax increases imposed on the country, but they don’t want to own it; they want to grant the President the powers of a king, “imposing Taxes on us without our Consent.” [20]

And what do people think about this approach? I’m not sure I can describe this approach better than 2008 Nobel Prize for Economics recipient Paul Krugman for what he calls “malignant stupidity”: [21]

“Trump [] set minimum tariffs of 10 percent on everyone, which means among other things imposing tariffs on uninhabited islands. [22]
“But it may be even worse than that. The Trump formula is apparently what you get if you ask ChatGPT and other AI models to make tariff policy…”

Also, Krugman had previously “speculated that Elon Musk’s Dunning-Kruger kids might be responsible for those tariff numbers. That now looks like a distinct possibility.”

MAGA Loyalists = Tory Loyalists

The imposition of taxes on Americans without their consent was a key factor to declaring independence and founding our nation. This isn’t just some ill-conceived fight our leadership is picking with the world; it’s counter to the very reasons why and how America became America.

In 1765, Parliament passed the Stamp Act, which required the colonists to pay a tax in the form of a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards. It was a direct tax imposed by the British government without the approval of the colonial legislatures and was payable in hard-to-obtain British sterling, rather than colonial currency. [23] This started the key rallying cry of “no taxation without representation.”

In 1773, the Tea Act was passed, allowing the East India Company to sell tea from China in the colonies without paying taxes apart from those imposed on the colonies by the Townshend Acts, passed in 1767 and 1768. In the event now known as the Boston Tea Party, Bostonians destroyed a large shipment of taxed tea. After the Tea Party, Parliament kept pressing and punishing the colonies, responding with the Intolerable Acts of 1774. This eventually erupted with the American colonists fighting back in the Battles of Lexington and Concord in April 1775.

Patriots to the American cause weren’t a majority at the time, but there was a smaller and fierce core of Loyalists, about 15-20% of the adult white population that continued to support the British Crown. [24]

In the American Revolutionary period, the colonists who were loyal to the Crown were known as “Tory Loyalists,” and despite the suffering that King George III and Parliament imposed on Americans, they remained loyal to Britain and were against Americans governing themselves absent of British rule; they wanted to be ruled by the king.

I do believe there is a difference between those that voted for Trump in 2024 and the truest of MAGA loyalists. This deeply loyal group to Trump represent a smaller core, and to me, today’s MAGA loyalists are just like the Tory Loyalists of the Revolutionary period. They support the king unwaveringly; facts, curiosity, and reason unfortunately cannot change their minds.

To them, it feels more costly to their own current and previous decision making to admit they were wrong - that they didn't, in fact, know better - that despite the evidence in front of them, they continue to believe.

One high profile example is Jeanine Pirro, former three-term District Attorney for Westchester County, New York, and now co-host of Fox News’s The Five. Here is her recent discussion on Trump’s tariffs and the impact of these unilateral taxes on the market: [25]

“This is what Donald Trump ran on and he’s delivering,” she said on “The Five.” “And you know what? I don’t really care about my 401(k) today. You know why? Not that I can afford it, not that it isn’t important, not that I’m not at a point in my life when I should be worried about my 401(k) because I am, but this is what I believe.”
"I believe in this man."

This belief by MAGA Loyalists are getting us into a war that nobody wants, and it’s hurting real businesses.

Post by Nikki Petersen, *Bluesky*, April 4, 2025

There’s a great description of how these taxes will kill off small business that provide, for example, “newly published games, video game accessories, and the like.” [26]

“My husband and I run a game store and after all the tariff announcements, he decided to write out kind of a ‘behind the scenes’ of how we spend and spill [sic] it out for people who don't understand. He's had so many reactions and shares I wanted to bring it here, too.”

And these small business owners know where they sit in the economic chain: they are discretionary, and when costs go up everywhere, and consumers need to choose “between ‘this makes me happy’ and ‘this keeps me alive,’ I expect to be on the losing end of that equation...” [27]

Pirro’s Fox News colleague Harris Faulkner had a similar message before Trump’s so-called “Liberation Day.” She said “401(k) people” should sacrifice like it’s wartime. [28]

Why does anyone think we need to drop our standards of living like it’s wartime? What is the cause? To make everything here and support ourselves and only ourselves? Do these folks understand that there are many American businesses that serve the world because we innovate and provide new goods and services all the time? We create jobs here by serving the world, not just ourselves.

Our Diversity is Our Strength

Our cause should be the real American value system - constitutional self-governance where the people decide, not the king. Where we get the best out of everyone here - men, women, all people from all backgrounds and perspectives – we make better decisions when we incorporate the best of what everyone has to offer.

I love America, our history, and what we stand for in the world. Right now, I’m not sure we are not living up to those ideals, but I think we need to be reminded of what those ideals are and always have been.

The reverence for what our early Founders did in declaring independence and establishing a truly self-governing nation is admirable, but they made some profound mistakes because, of course, they were human; by no means were they perfect.

And because of that (or for any other reason for that matter), our history is not something that we should try to whitewash; it’s something from which we should learn about how to govern ourselves better. For example, we will never remove the stain of slavery, but we can always highlight it as a time where early Americans made deep errors in their decision making and that we overcame this by learning, growing, and becoming better decision makers ourselves.

For example, what led anyone to remove the biography page of Jackie Robinson from the Defense Department’s “Sports Heroes Who Served” series? Only after public outrage was the bio page restored. [29] The attempts haven’t stopped, however; The New York Times reported “[t]he defense secretary’s office has ordered that some books be removed from circulation in [the Naval Academy’s] library” including “a biography on Jackie Robinson.” [30]

Jackie Robinson was a World War II veteran and served his country honorably, even though they didn’t honor him with the same respect. From his (now restored) Department of Defense bio: [31]

During World War II in 1942, Robinson was drafted and assigned to a segregated Army cavalry unit in Fort Riley, Kansas. In January 1943, Robinson was commissioned a second lieutenant.
Robinson was then assigned to Fort Hood, Texas, where he joined the 761st "Black Panthers" tank battalion.
On July 6, 1944, Robinson boarded an Army bus. The driver ordered Robinson to move to the back of the bus, but Robinson refused. The driver called the military police, who took Robinson into custody. He was subsequently court martialed, but he was acquitted.
After his acquittal, he was transferred to Camp Breckinridge, Kentucky, where he served as a coach for Army athletics until receiving an honorable discharge in November 1944.

Of course, Robinson is best known as the player who “broke the color barrier” in Major League Baseball, an artificial barrier raised by those in society fostering America’s history of systemic racism.

Robinson played for the Brooklyn Dodgers, joining the team on April 15, 1947, and won the Rookie of the Year award that year. He was a six-time all-star and a World Series champion in 1955. In 1972, the Dodgers retired his number 42, and in 1997, Major League Baseball retired this number league-wide.

On April 15, MLB celebrates Jackie Robinson Day, where every player on every team dons the number 42 in Robinson’s honor. [32]

Post from the Los Angeles Times [‪@latimes.com], *Bluesky*, April 4, 2025

Jackie Robinson is a reminder that America previously denied Black Americans from being treated as equal citizens. But it’s also a reminder that society has progressed, and we treat other Americans better than our predecessors did a century ago. And we have room for even further improvement; we’re not perfect, but we should be reminded to strive to become more perfect.

By the way, the Los Angeles Dodgers won the World Series last year and have accepted the invitation to celebrate their victory at the White House. Some have recommended that the team all wear their Dodgers jerseys with the number 42 in Robinson’s honor – that would be interesting… [33]

Hands Off

On Saturday, more than 1,200 protests across all 50 states and DC [35][36] brought out hundreds of thousands, and as reported by the Associated Press, “[t]he rallies appeared peaceful, with no immediate reports of arrests.” [37] Nationwide estimates vary widely at the moment – organizers in Washington DC and New York City told Axios there were “well over 100,000 attendees, each” and that “[t]he total attendance estimate far surpasses the 500,000 RSVPs organizers counted as of Friday night.” [38]

Post from CookieDuster [@steve_durgin], *Threads*, April 5, 2025 [44]

In Thousand Oaks, there was an estimated 2,000 people at the corner of Hillcrest Drive and Lynn Road near the Oaks Mall at its peak. [39]. Very proud to see our city participating in these peaceful events!

There are some amazing photos of the nationwide protests – Americans of all backgrounds from all over the country raising their voices against the direction this administration is taking our country. Here is a link to pictures from Axios, NPR, AP, and The Guardian. [40][41][42][43]

My favorite phrase from the April 5 Hands Off protests this weekend was witnessed in Thousand Oaks - “They’re eating the checks; they’re eating the balances”: [44]

Personally, I think it’s OK to take patriotism back. The April 5 protests told me that America seems ready as well.

A Little History

Marking the Semiquincentennial of American Independence 250 years ago

April 19, 2025, marks the 250th anniversary of the Battles of Lexington and Concord, starting the American Revolution.

Minute Man National Historical Park “is located 22 miles outside of Boston within the towns of Lexington, Lincoln and Concord, Massachusetts. The park commemorates the opening battles of the American Revolution on April 19, 1775 by protecting, preserving and interpreting the significant historic sites, structures, landscapes, events and ideas embodied by these events.” [45]

Reminder:

My book on local elections and their role in self-governance is available for Kindle pre-order - paperback version coming soon!

Narratives

The book I’m reading or movie I’m watching

“The Cause: The American Revolution and its Discontents, 1773-1783” by Pulitzer Prize winner Joseph J. Ellis

“…Pulitzer Prize–winning historian Joseph J. Ellis offers an epic account of the origins and clashing ideologies of America’s revolutionary era, recovering a war more brutal, and more disorienting, than any in our history, save perhaps the Civil War.

“For more than two centuries, historians have debated the history of the American Revolution, disputing its roots, its provenance, and above all, its meaning.”

…

“Countering popular histories that romanticize the “Spirit of ’76,” Ellis demonstrates that the rebels fought under the mantle of “The Cause,” a mutable, conveniently ambiguous principle that afforded an umbrella under which different, and often conflicting, convictions and goals could coexist. Neither an American nation nor a viable government existed at the end of the war. In fact, one revolutionary legacy regarded the creation of such a nation, or any robust expression of government power, as the ultimate betrayal of The Cause. This legacy alone rendered any effective response to the twin tragedies of the founding―slavery and the Native American dilemma―problematic at best.” [46]

GIF Game

Notes and Sources

[1] Wilcox v. Trump, 1:25-cv-00334, (D.D.C.), March 6, 2025, https://storage.courtlistener.com/recap/gov.uscourts.dcd.277129/gov.uscourts.dcd.277129.35.0.pdf

[2] Ibid.

[3] United States Constitution, Article I, Section 9, Clause 8, https://constitution.congress.gov/constitution/article-1/#article-1-section-9-clause-8

[4] Wilcox v Trump, March 6, 2025

[5] Ibid.

[6] Myers v. United States, 272 U.S. 52, 292-93 (1926) (Brandies, J., dissenting)

[7] Wilcox v Trump, March 6, 2025

[8] Mic Farris [‪@micfarris.bsky.social], Bluesky, November 15, 2024, https://bsky.app/profile/micfarris.bsky.social/post/3lazseqlh322a

[9] “Declaration of Independence: A Transcription,” America's Founding Documents, National Archives, retrieved April 6, 2025, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript

[10] David Goldman and John Towfighi, “Dow plunges 2,200 points as tariff tumult rocks markets,” CNN, April 4, 2025, https://www.cnn.com/2025/04/04/investing/stock-market-dow-tariffs/index.html

[11] Joseph Adinolfi, “U.S. stocks see biggest 2-day wipeout in history as market loses $11 trillion since Inauguration Day,” Morningstar, April 4, 2025, https://www.morningstar.com/news/marketwatch/20250404446/us-stocks-see-biggest-2-day-wipeout-in-history-as-market-loses-11-trillion-since-inauguration-day

[12] David Rovella, “After ‘Liberation Day’ Comes ‘Obliteration Day’,” Bloomberg, April 3, 2025, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/newsletters/2025-04-03/tariff-obliteration-day-for-wall-street-follows-trump-s-liberation-day

[13] Michael McWhertor, “Nintendo delays Switch 2 pre-orders in response to Trump tariffs,” Polygon, April 4, 2025, https://www.polygon.com/nintendo-switch-2/553133/pre-orders-delayed-trump-tariff

[14] Jill Treanor and Oliver Gill, “Jaguar Land Rover pauses US car exports amid Trump’s trade war,” The Sunday Times, April 5, 2025, https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/companies/article/jaguar-land-rover-pauses-us-car-exports-amid-trumps-global-trade-war-zjc9qr2zq

[15] Donald J. Trump, Executive Order 14257, “Regulating Imports with a Reciprocal Tariff to Rectify Trade Practices that Contribute to Large and Persistent Annual United States Goods Trade Deficits,” April 2, 2025, Code of Federal Regulations, 90 FR 15041, https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2025/04/07/2025-06063/regulating-imports-with-a-reciprocal-tariff-to-rectify-trade-practices-that-contribute-to-large-and

[16] “Fact Sheet: President Donald J. Trump Declares National Emergency to Increase our Competitive Edge, Protect our Sovereignty, and Strengthen our National and Economic Security,” April 2, 2025, https://www.whitehouse.gov/fact-sheets/2025/04/fact-sheet-president-donald-j-trump-declares-national-emergency-to-increase-our-competitive-edge-protect-our-sovereignty-and-strengthen-our-national-and-economic-security/

[17] S.J.Res. 37, 119th Congress: A joint resolution terminating the national emergency declared to impose duties on articles imported from Canada, Retrieved from https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/119/sjres37

[18] Hunter Savery and Danile Hillburn, “House majority rules: When a ‘calendar day’ isn’t what it seems,” Roll Call, March 18, 2025, https://rollcall.com/2025/03/18/house-majority-rules-when-a-calendar-day-isnt-what-it-seems/

[19] Ibid.

[20] “Declaration of Independence”

[21] Paul Krugman, “Will Malignant Stupidity Kill the World Economy?” Substack, April 3, 2025, https://paulkrugman.substack.com/p/will-careless-stupidity-kill-the

[22] Brad Lendon, “An uninhabited island, a military base and a ‘desolate’ former whaling station. Trump’s tariffs include unlikely targets,” CNN, April 3, 2025, https://edition.cnn.com/2025/04/03/business/trump-tariffs-uninhabited-islands-intl-hnk/index.html

[23] “The Stamp Act, 1765,” The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History, retrieved April 5, 2025, https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/spotlight-primary-source/stamp-act-1765

[24] Robert M. Calhoon, "Loyalism and neutrality" in Jack P. Greene; J. R. Pole (2008). A Companion to the American Revolution. John Wiley & Sons. p. 235.

[25] Langdon Daughtrey, "I don't really care about my 401k today!" Jeanine Pirro is apparently ride or die on Trump tariffs,” YouTube, April 3, 2025, recording of the Five from Fox News, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5D8qckKN1qk

[26] Nikki Petersen [‪@nikki-m.bsky.social], Bluesky, April 4, 2025, https://bsky.app/profile/nikki-m.bsky.social/post/3llyexpiurs2e

[27] Ibid.

[28] Graeme Demianyk, “Fox News Host Says Trump Should Tell Worried '401(k) People' To Sacrifice Like It's Wartime,” HuffPost, April 1, 2025, https://www.huffpost.com/entry/fox-news-401k-harris-faulkner-trump-tariffs_n_67ec4465e4b0ec73440b6a82

[29] Eleanor Watson, “Pentagon removes, then restores webpage on Jackie Robinson's military career,” CBS News, March 19, 2025, https://www.cbsnews.com/news/jackie-robinson-department-of-defense-webpage/

[30] John Ismay and Kate Selig, “Naval Academy Takes Steps to End Diversity Policies in Books and Admissions,” New York Times, March 28, 2025, https://www.nytimes.com/2025/03/28/us/politics/naval-academy-diversity-affirmative-action.html?unlocked_article_code=1.7k4.vB1Q.VrpCy845KxuO&smid=url-share

[31] David Vergun, “Sports Heroes Who Served: Baseball Great Jackie Robinson Was WWII Soldier,” Department of Defense, February 9, 2021, https://www.defense.gov/News/Feature-Stories/Story/Article/2490361/sports-heroes-who-served-baseball-great-jackie-robinson-was-wwii-soldier/

[32] “Jackie Robinson Day,” MLB.com, retrieved April 6, 2025, https://www.mlb.com/robinson-training-complex/jackie-robinson-day

[33] Gustavo Arellano, The Dodgers should meet with Trump. In No. 42 Jackie Robinson jerseys,” Los Angeles Times, April 4, 2025, https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2025-04-04/dodgers-white-house-visit-2024

[34] Los Angeles Times [‪@latimes.com], Bluesky, April 4, 2025, https://bsky.app/profile/latimes.com/post/3llytu4rfbg2q

[35] Juliana Kim, “Nationwide 'Hands Off!' protests erupt against Trump and Musk,” National Public Radio, April 5, 2025, https://www.npr.org/2025/04/05/nx-s1-5353388/hands-off-protests-washington-dc

[36] Ivan Pereira, Christiane Cordero, and Noah Minnie, “Huge crowds gather in 'Hands Off' rallies nationwide in protest of Trump administration,” ABC News, April 5, 2025, https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/huge-crowds-gather-hands-off-rallies-nationwide-protest/story?id=120523176

[37] Dave Collins, “Angry protesters from New York to Alaska assail Trump and Musk in ‘Hands Off!’ rallies,” Associated Press, April 5, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-musk-doge-protests-hands-off-472c574303260cbac315367cc808960d

[38] April Rubin and Lauren Floyd, “In photos: "Hands Off!" protesters rally against Trump across the U.S.,” Axios, April 5, 2025, https://www.axios.com/2025/04/05/hands-off-protest-movement-trump-musk

[39] RL Miller [‪@rlmiller.bsky.social], Bluesky, April 5, 2025, https://bsky.app/profile/rlmiller.bsky.social/post/3lm3uimwdek23

[40] Rubin and Floyd, “In photos: "Hands Off!" protesters,” Axios, April 5, 2025.

[41] “Photos: See demonstrators around the country rally in 'Hands Off!' protests,” National Public Radio, April 5, 2025, https://www.npr.org/sections/the-picture-show/2025/04/05/g-s1-58479/photos-see-hands-off-protests-trump-musk

[42] “PHOTO COLLECTION: Trump Hands Off Protests,” Associated Press, April 5, 2025, https://apnews.com/article/trump-tariffs-protests-fcc6ee7ac555f4c08f9d499e30ce67e3

[43] Diana Ramirez-Simon, “Anti-Trump protests hit cities worldwide – in pictures,” The Guardian, April 5, 2025, https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/gallery/2025/apr/05/anti-trump-hands-off-worldwide-protests

[44] CookieDuster [@steve_durgin], Threads, April 5, 2025, https://www.threads.net/@steve_durgin/post/DIFSNc-CDYr

[45] “Plan Your Visit,” Minute Man National Historical Park, National Park Service, retrieved April 6, 2025, https://www.nps.gov/mima/planyourvisit/index.htm

[46] Joseph J. Ellis, “The Cause: The American Revolution and its Discontents, 1773-1783 by Pulitzer Prize winner Joseph J. Ellis,” Amazon, https://www.amazon.com/Cause-American-Revolution-Discontents-1773-1783/dp/1631498983

Decisions with Mic Farris

Seek Truth. Honor Differences.

No Kings